Nature Neuroscience. 14 (2): 147-153. Doi:10.1038/nn.2732 > 자유게시판

Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its preliminary acquisition. A memory trace is a change in the nervous system brought on by memorizing something. Consolidation is distinguished into two particular processes. The second process is methods consolidation, occurring on a much larger scale in the mind, rendering hippocampus-dependent reminiscences independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years. Recently, a 3rd process has change into the main target of research, reconsolidation, wherein previously consolidated reminiscences might be made labile again by means of reactivation of the memory hint. Memory consolidation was first referred to in the writings of the famend Roman instructor of rhetoric Quintillian. The process of consolidation was later proposed based mostly on clinical data illustrated in 1882 by Ribot's Regulation of Regression, "progressive destruction advances progressively from the unstable to the stable". This concept was elaborated on by William H. Burnham just a few years later in a paper on amnesia integrating findings from experimental psychology and neurology.

The 2 proposed the perseveration-consolidation hypothesis after they discovered that new information realized could disrupt info previously learnt if not enough time had passed to permit the outdated data to be consolidated. This led to the suggestion that new memories are fragile in nature however as time passes they turn out to be solidified. Systematic research of anterograde amnesia started to emerge within the 1960s and 1970s. The case of Henry Molaison, MemoryWave Community formerly referred to as affected person H.M., became a landmark in research of memory because it pertains to amnesia and the elimination of the hippocampal zone and sparked huge curiosity in the study of mind lesions and their impact on memory. After Molaison underwent a bilateral medial temporal lobe resection to alleviate epileptic symptoms the patient started to suffer from memory impairments. Molaison lost the ability to encode and consolidate newly realized information main researchers to conclude the medial temporal lobe (MTL) was an important structure concerned on this course of. Analysis into other patients with resections of the MTL have proven a constructive relationship between the degree of memory impairment and the extent of MTL removing which factors to a temporal gradient within the consolidating nature of the MTL.

These studies were accompanied by the creation of animal fashions of human amnesia in an effort to identify brain substrates important for sluggish consolidation. In the meantime, neuropharmacological studies of chosen mind areas started to shed gentle on the molecules possibly answerable for quick consolidation. In latest many years, advancements in cellular preparations, molecular biology, and Memory Wave neurogenetics have revolutionized the study of consolidation. Providing additional help is the study of purposeful mind activity in people which has revealed that the exercise of mind regions modifications over time after a new memory is acquired. This alteration can happen as rapidly as a couple hours after the memory has been encoded suggesting that there is a temporal dimension to the reorganization of the memory as it is represented in the mind. Synaptic consolidation is one form of memory consolidation seen throughout all species and long-term memory duties. Lengthy-term memory, when mentioned within the context of synaptic consolidation, is conventionally mentioned to be memory that lasts for at the very least 24 hours.

Additionally it is known as 'preliminary consolidation'. As soon as six hours after training, memories become impervious to interferences that disrupt synaptic consolidation and the formation of long-time period memory. The standard mannequin of synaptic consolidation suggests that alterations of synaptic protein synthesis and ensuing modifications in membrane potential are achieved through activating intracellular transduction cascades. These molecular cascades trigger transcription components that result in modifications in gene expression. The result of the gene expression is the lasting alteration of synaptic proteins, in addition to synaptic remodeling and development. In a short time-frame immediately following learning, the molecular cascade, expression and process of both transcription factors and instant early genes, are inclined to disruptions. Disruptions caused by specific medication, antibodies and gross bodily trauma can block the consequences of synaptic consolidation. The strategy of LTP is thought to be a contributing issue to synaptic plasticity and in the growth of synaptic power, that are recommended to underlie memory formation. There's compelling proof that LTP is important for Pavlovian concern conditioning in rats suggesting that it mediates studying and memory in mammals.

Particularly, NMDA-receptor antagonists appear to dam the induction of each LTP and fear conditioning and that fear conditioning increases amygdaloidal synaptic transmission that may result in LTP. Distributed learning has been found to reinforce memory consolidation, MemoryWave Community particularly for relational memory. Experimental outcomes recommend that distributing studying over the course of 24 hours decreases the speed of forgetting compared to massed learning, and enhances relational memory consolidation. When interpreted in the context of synaptic consolidation, mechanisms of synaptic strengthening could depend on the spacing of memory reactivation to permit sufficient time for protein synthesis to happen, and thereby strengthen long-time period memory. One examine that demonstrates this impact was conducted in 1984 by Smith and Rothkopf. On this experiment, subjects had been sorted into three groups to test retention and learning. This reveals that spacing out examine periods and finding out in several environments helps with retention as it provides time for the mind to consolidate the knowledge with out being interrupted by new info.